Sudan's oil industry

Sudan's oil industry "produces 500,000 b/d, having doubled its volumes in just two years," Carola Hoyos wrote in the March 2, 2006, Sudan Tribune.

"China controls 40 percent of the oil development activity in the Sudan while Malaysia and India each have 30 and 25 percent stakes respectively in the oil industry." 

Sudan's "main western investors may have sold their holdings or at least suspended operations until politics improves, but Indian and Chinese companies, spurred on by their own oil-hungry governments, have shrugged off criticism and filled the vacuum," Hoyos wrote.

"Sudan has become particularly important to China, making up more than half of the world’s second largest oil consumer’s foreign oil reserves. CNPC holds a 40 per cent stake in the Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company, the biggest player in Sudan’s oilfields.

"Meanwhile, India’s Oil and Natural Gas Corporation bought several of the blocks sold by western companies due to political and investor pressure. Petronas of Malaysia and Gulf Petroleum Corporation of Qatar are also involved. Western companies hungry for new places to seek and produce oil are not far behind," Hoyos wrote.

Pipeline Partners
"Unable to raise sufficient investment elsewhere, and unable to fulfill its initial exploration and production agreement alone, in 1996 Canada's Arakis [Energy Corporation] began negotiating with the Sudan government over the introduction of China and Malaysia into its oil venture, including the $1.2bn pipeline plan.

"An interim agreement in December 1996, finalised by mid-1997, gave the state-owned China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) 40%, Malaysia's state-owned Petronas 30%, Arakis 25% and the Sudan National Petroleum Company 5% in a joint operating company - the Greater Nile Oil Project.

"'Sources close to the deal say Khartoum imposed Petronas and the CNPC on Arakis by threatening not to renew its concession. China is a key arms supplier to Khartoum, whose links to Malaysia, especially to its Islamist networks, are growing. Rivals in Asia, Beijing and Kuala Lumpur are co-operating to fight the Western, mainly United States', oil monopoly.' (Africa Confidential 17 January 1997)." --Sudan Update.

Quotes
"Christ was sold for 30 pieces of silver and our people are being sacrificed in exchange for barrels of oil." --Catholic Bishops Conference, September 2000. 

List

 * Agip (Italy)
 * China National Petroleum Corp. (CNPC)
 * Elf-Aquitaine (France)
 * Gulf Petroleum Corp. (GPC)
 * Lundin Oil/IPC (Sweden)
 * Mobil
 * National Iranian Gas Company (NIGC)
 * OMV-AG (Austria)
 * Petronas (Malaysia)
 * Royal Dutch Shell (Netherlands)
 * Talisman Energy Inc. (Canada)
 * TotalFina (France & Belgium)
 * Source: Sudan Update.

Profiles

 * Profile: China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), MBendi.
 * Profile: Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company (GNPOC), MBendi.

Related SourceWatch Resources

 * Adnan Khashoggi
 * Arakis Energy Corporation
 * China's oil industry
 * India's oil industry
 * Mansoor Ijaz / Mansoor Ijaz/Sudan
 * peak oil
 * peak oil: we have oil

General Information

 * Sudan Fact Sheet: Human Rights & Oil Workshop, International and Area Studies, University of California, Berkeley, January 31, 2003.
 * "Sudan - Oil And Gas Industry: Exploration & Production," MBendi, 2005.
 * Country Analysis Brief: Sudan, U.S. Department of Energy, Last Updated March 2005. Also see Chart: World Energy Hotspots.

Maps

 * USAID Map of Sudan Oil Concessions.
 * United Nations Cartographic Map.
 * CIA Map.
 * "Sudan's emerging oil industry," African Energy, 2005.

Timelines

 * "Sudan Oil & Conflict Timeline 1955-1999, Sudan Update.
 * "Monthly Energy Chronology - 1996," U.S. Department of Energy.
 * "Hearings on Religious Persecution in Sudan: Eric Reeves Prepared Testimony," United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, February 15, 2000. Scroll down for "Oil Development in Sudan: A Chronology."

1999

 * Philip M. Mobbs, "The Mineral Industry of Sudan," U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, 1999.

2000

 * Fran Abrams, "Frontbencher promotes oil industry in pariah state of Sudan to fury of Foreign Office," Independent (UK) (mathaba.net), February 2, 2000.
 * Virginia Gidley-Kitchin, "Sudan oil funding war," BBC, February 4, 2000.
 * "Sudan's oil output up 56 percent to 200,000 barrels," Arabic News, April 13, 2000.
 * Alistair Lyon, Interview: "Sudan now self-sufficient in oil, to export petrol," Reuters (Sudan.net), May 10, 2000.
 * Mohamed Ali Saeed, "Sudan's Chinese-built oil refinery goes on line amid export plans," Agence France Presse (''South Sudan Friends.org), June 30, 2000.

2001

 * "Sudan’s economic future brightens as potentially huge oil reserves come on line," International Special Reports, 2001.
 * Report: "The scorched earth: oil and war in Sudan," Christian Aid (UK), March 2001.
 * Press Release: "Arrogant, Misleading and Prejudiced: Christian Aid on Sudan," The European-Sudanese Public Affairs Council (Sudan.net), March 2001.
 * Victoria Brittain and Terry Macalister, "Oil Firms Stoke Up Sudan War," Guardian (UK) (Common Dreams), March 15, 2001: "Christian Aid report accuses foreign companies of complicity in mass displacement and killing of thousands."
 * "President Bush Should Hit Sudan Where It Lives by Stopping Life-Support from U.S. Capital Markets," Center for Security Policy, March 23, 2001.
 * "European Members Urged to Halt Oil Activity in Sudan," Social Funds, March 30, 2001.
 * "Oil in Sudan: question and answers," Christian Aid (UK), May 11, 2001.
 * Anthony C. LoBaido, "Sudan: Blood spills as oil flows. Involvement of petroleum interests worsens assault on Christians," WorldNetDaily, June 5, 2001.

2002

 * "Oil and Displacement in South Sudan," Forced Migration.org, 2002.
 * "Sudan and Russia Forging New Ties Around Oil and Arms," Stratfor (GlobalPolicy.org), January 22, 2002.
 * Benjamin Bock, "Sudan: Mixing Oil and Blood," Amnesty Magazine / Amnesty International, Summer 2002.
 * "Oil and the Civil War in Sudan," Yale Insider, June 17, 2002 (June 28, 2002).
 * Ninan Koshy, "India joins Sudan's war," The Hindu, June 24, 2002.
 * "Sudan's Oil Sector," Center for Strategic and International Studies, August 2002:
 * Background Paper
 * Projected Revenues: Summary
 * Projected Revenues: Details
 * Sudan in the Global Energy Market
 * Models for Revenue Sharing
 * Global Overview of Oil Funds


 * John Cherian, "A promising deal. The India-Sudan oil pact is, among other things, a significant step towards ensuring India's long-term oil security," Frontline / The Hindu, August 2, 2002.

2003

 * Paul Salopek, "Shattered Sudan," National Geographic, February 2003: "An oil pipeline fuels the unforgiving heart of a seemingly endless war. It may also be a means to peace."
 * "Human rights groups chase oil company from Sudan," afrol News, September 3, 2003.
 * Report: "China's Involvement in Sudan: Arms and Oil," Human Rights Watch, November 2003.
 * "Sudan: Oil Companies Complicit in Rights Abuses," Human Rights Watch, November 25, 2003.
 * "New charges against oil companies in Sudan," afrol News, November 26, 2003.
 * "Sudan: Oil and Rights Abuses," AfricaFocus Bulletin, November 28, 2003.

2004

 * Roger Bate, "A Barrel of Brutality. Should Shell be in Nigeria?" National Review Online, June 24, 2004.
 * Stephanie Ho, "China's Oil Imports from Sudan Draw Controversy," Voice of America, July 21, 2004.
 * Karen Kwiatkowski, "Why Sudan?" Lew Rockwell.com, July 31, 2004.
 * Norm Dixon, "Crisis in Sudan. Oil Profits Behind West's Tears for Darfur," CounterPunch, August 9, 2004.
 * Gerald Butt, "Thirst for crude pulling China into Sudan," The Daily Star (Lebanon), August 17, 2004.
 * "Oil company faces genocide charges over Sudan engagement," afrol News, August 30, 2004.
 * "UN Darfur vote turns scramble for Sudan's oil," afrol News, September 10, 2004.
 * Warren Hoge, "US Proposes a Softer Threat on Sudan's Oil," New York Times (GlobalPolicy.org), September 15, 2004.
 * "US softens sanctions against Sudan's oil industry," Pravda (Russia), September 15, 2004.
 * Matthew Forney, "China's Quest for Oil. The Middle Kingdom can't find enough oil to meet booming domestic demand—and the world is paying the price at the pump," TIME Asia Magazine, October 18, 2004.
 * Stephen Glain, "Yet Another Great Game (China, US & Oil)," Newsweek International (via truthout; ThirdWorldTraveler.com), December 20, 2004.
 * Peter S. Goodman, "China Invests Heavily In Sudan's Oil Industry. Beijing Supplies Arms Used on Villagers," Washington Post, December 23, 2004.

2005

 * Peter Verney, "FMO Country Guide: Sudan," Forced Migration.org, 2005. See "Oil and displacement in South Sudan."
 * Frida Berrigan, "Peace in Sudan: Good News for People or Oil Companies?" Sudan Tribune (Common Dreams), January 15, 2005.
 * Thilo Thielke, "High Stakes Poker in Sudan," Spiegel Online (Germany), January 17, 2005.
 * Norm Dixon, "Sudan: Western Oil Greed Trumps 'Genocide' Concerns," Green Left Weekly (New South Wales) (Worldpress.org), Australia February 8, 2005.
 * "Russia, China, France--back with Darfur's blood on their hands," The Free Lance-Star, February 12, 2005.
 * Maher Chmaytelli, "Sudan to double its oil refining capacity," BusinessReport, February 18, 2005.
 * "Sudan: Oil investment bears political risks," Oxford Analytica Store, March 1, 2005.
 * Partha Ghosh, "Videocon to buy up to 76% in Sudan oil fields," The Economic Times (India), April 15, 2005.
 * David Blair, "Sudan's oil makes China a defender against U.N.," London Daily Telegraph (Washington Times), April 26, 2005.
 * "Oil-hungry China funds Sudan junta," The Standard, April 27, 2005: "China relies on Sudan for 7 percent of all its oil imports and has gone to great efforts to protect President Omar al-Bashir. --Xinhua Net."
 * "Bush Administration Allied With Sudan Despite Role in Darfur Genocide," Democracy Now!, May 3, 2005.
 * David Blair, "Oil-hungry China takes Sudan under its wing," Telegraph (UK), May 23, 2005.
 * David Morse, "Darfur as a Resource War," TomDispatch, August 18, 2005.
 * "Moldova’s Ascom Probes Petronas Sudan Oil Block," Sudan Activism Blog, October 15, 2005.
 * Noel King, "Sudan: Oil Sector Proves a Hard Nut to Crack," Inter Press Services, October 20, 2005.
 * "India seeks more Sudanese oil," UPI (Sudanese Online), November 8, 2005.
 * "Sinopec, CNPC Said to Buy Sudan Oil Block," Associated Press (Forbes), November 15, 2005.

2006

 * Esther Pan, "China, Africa, and Oil," Council on Foreign Relations, January 12, 2006.
 * "Report on Investing in the Sudan." Prepared for the Corporation Committee on Investor Responsibility by the Advisory Committee on Investor Responsibility, Yale University, January 31, 2006.
 * "The Decades-Long Scramble for Southern Sudan's Oil Riches," The East African (AllAfrica.com), February 7, 2006.
 * Opinion: "Darfur bleeds in the great scramble for Sudan's oil," Telegraph (UK), February 8, 2006.
 * "President al-Bashir lauds Sudan-India ties," Sudan Tribune, February 12, 2006.
 * "Sudan oil output to surge to 650,000 bpd," Sudan Tribune, February 14, 2006.
 * "Sudan oil output to double by year’s end," Sudan Tribune, February 15, 2006.
 * "Darfur bleeds in the great scramble for Sudan's oil World stage," TMC Net (The Daily Telegraph, Via Thomson Dialog NewsEdge), February 16, 2006.
 * "Yale dumping oil investments linked to Sudan," Associated Press (Boston Herald), February 16, 2006.
 * Dulue Mbachua, "Fast-growing China has sights on Africa," Associated Press (Miami Herald), February 20, 2006.
 * Rick Westhead, "Dangerous liaison," Toronto Star, February 20, 2006.
 * "Africa, pleased and tortured by oil," Xinhua Net China View, February 20, 2006.
 * "Sudan opens doors to business through summit in Dubai," Al Bawaba, February 21, 2006.
 * Charles Bird, "UN Dithering on Darfur, Kofi Cashing In," Red State, February 21, 2006.
 * "Reliance to win Sudanese oil blocks - chamber," Reuters, February 21, 2006.
 * "Indian Reliance to win Sudanese oil blocks," Sudan Tribune, February 22, 2006.
 * Peter Brookes and Ji Hye Shin, "China’s Influence in Africa: Implications for the United States," Heritage Foundation, February 22, 2006.
 * Jimmy Yeow, "MMC Oil & Gas banking on Sudan, Gulf & Malaysia," The Edge Daily (Malaysia), February 27, 2006.
 * "SSDF militia says USA planning to set up military base in S. Sudan ('to protect the oil fields')," Sudan Tribune, February 27, 2006.
 * "Sudan to adopt new method on sharing of oil revenue," Sudan Tribune, February 28, 2006.
 * Charlie Zhu and Wendy Lim, "Oil turmoils test Chinese buyers' risk appetite," Reuters, March 1, 2006.
 * Carola Hoyos, "Sudan: China, India fill void left by rights campaigners," Sudan Tribune, March 2, 2006.
 * "Minister denies misusing of oil revenues by S. Sudan government," Sudan Tribune, March 3, 2006.
 * "Kenya and Sudan set to sign trade accord," The Standard, March 4, 2006.
 * "Sudanese presidency updated on oil revenues," Sudan Tribune, March 5, 2006.
 * "Sudan oil fuels rapid growth in telecoms and internet sectors - report," Sudan Tribune, March 7, 2006.
 * "Sudan to award oil blocks to India’s ONGC," Sudan Tribune, March 10, 2006.