APCO Worldwide

APCO Worldwide was founded by the law firm of Arnold & Porter, one of Washington D.C.'s largest law firms, also well known as a tobacco industry law firm. It was founded in 1984 by Margery Kraus who served as its first president and chief executive officer. . APCO has offices and is headquartered in Washington D.C. and has offices in 24 locations in North America, Europe, Asia and Africa and employs 470 people. 

"Core services include corporate, investor and internal communication, crisis management, issue management, government relations, litigation communication, media relations, coalition building, opinion research, market entry, corporate social responsibility and online communication," it states on its website. The website calls the firm a "global communication consultancy" specializing in "influencing decisionmakers and shaping public opinion by crafting compelling messages and recruiting effective allies."

Helping Kazakhstan buy academic reports
In September 2008, it was revealed that the Kazakhstan government had paid John Hopkins University's Central Asia-Caucasus Institute to author three reports about the country. The arrangement was brokered through APCO Worldwide, Kazakhstan's Washington DC lobbying firm. The Kazakh government paid $52,300 for reports titled "Kazakhstan's New Middle Class" and "Parliament and Political Parties in Kazakhstan." A third report, "Kazakhstan in its Neighborhood," was "also underwritten by the government," but lobbying reports that would disclose the amount paid for it are not yet available. The reports, issued by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute at Johns Hopkins, do not disclose the Kazakhstan funding. Institute director S. Frederick Starr said their "relationship was only with the lobbying firm and not directly with the government." He added that "the entire editorial process was 100 percent in our hands." The author of the third report, Hudson Institute fellow Richard Weitz, said, "It's an important topic so I would have written about it anyway." The Kazakhstan funding also required the Johns Hopkins Institute to sponsor "think tank discussions" on each report, "sponsored by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute."

APCO and the tobacco industry
Philip Morris hired APCO to organize the front group TASSC (The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition) in October, 1993 to help fight public health efforts to control Environmental Tobacco Smoke that occurred in the wake of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ruling that secondhand tobacco smoke was a Group A human carcinogen. APCO recommended that Philip Morris form a European TASSC group to: "Preempt unilateral action against the industry." 

A 1993 memo written by Tom Hockaday of APCO Associates lists individuals that could be approached on behalf of Philip Morris to lend their names to pre-written, favorable-to-tobacco opinion-editorial pieces on the subject of Environmental Tobacco Smoke. One of the people APCO considered approaching was Peter Samuel, whose qualifications included the fact that he had "developed a book proposal to address unsubstantiated scares including alar, dioxin, DDT, ETS, asbestos and others." (Dioxin, the primary toxic component of Agent Orange, was found at Love Canal in Niagara Falls, New York and was the basis for evacuations at Times Beach, Missouri. Asbestos, a toxin and known carcinogen, causes the lung disease asbestosis and a cancer of the pleura called mesothelioma.  DDT, a dangerous pesticide that can persist in the environment for up to 15 years, was banned in the United states in 1972.)

APCO and Tort Reform
Philip Morris also hired APCO to manage a massive national effort aimed at altering the American judicial system to be more hostile towards product liability suits ("Tort Reform"). Tort reform was an internal corporate program of Philip Morris, who led other companies into the plan. According to a 1995 Philip Morris Tort Reform Budget, the industry paid APCO Associates almost $1 million in 1995 to implement behind-the-scenes tort reform efforts. APCO's job was to create chapters of "grassroots" citizens' groups called Citizens Against Lawsuit Abuse (CALAs). The budget shows the tobacco industry alone budgeted $21.8 million to fund the tort reform effort in the single year of 1995.

Ownership
In September 2004 APCO announced that it had completed a management buyout by approximately 40 senior staff from its former owner Grey Global.

History
In an internal 1993 budget review document for the Philip Morris Group of companies, APCO Associates was penciled in for $500,000 as a "corporate affairs consultant." On behalf of the tobacco industry and other corporate clients, it has created a number of industry front groups, including The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition, the American Tort Reform Association, and many state and local branches of Citizens Against Lawsuit Abuse, or CALAs, which are fake grassroots groups that agitate for tort reform.

A description accompanying PM's 1993 budget review says "APCO is a tort consultant to PMMC, a consultant on animal rights issues to PMMC (G. Knox) and an ETS consultant to PM USA (E Merlo). Neal Cohen is the principal account executive on the PM Tort Project and has been in this position since at least 1988. Our tort contract with APCO currently has them assisting the PM family, national and state tort coalitions and other tort reform advocates with political, communications and grassroots strategies and related programs&#8221;.

Government Interference and Manipulation
APCO specializes in helping corporations advance their goals by manipulating legislators, and drafting and advancing model legislation and regulations. Key tools A&P uses include the creation of business coalitions and fake, corporate-funded "grassroots" groups tailored to specific issues. A 1995 APCO Associates pamphlet titled "Political Support Services" states, "APCO Associates, Inc. (APCO) specializes in grassroots organizing and coalition building. We use political campaign tactics to create an environment in support of our client's legislative and regulatory goals...We utilize the most effective, up-to-date technology and campaign tactics to help you achieve your legislative and regulatory goals...APCO has built numerous national and state coalitions on a variety of issues including the environment, science, energy, trade, intellectual property, education, tort reform and health care....APCO applies tactics usually reserved for political campaigns to target audiences and recruit third-party advocates. Our staff has the political field experience and has written the direct mail, managed the telephones, crafted the television commercials and trained the grassroots volunteers. We apply these hard-learned skills and tactics to mobilize hundreds, even thousands, of constituents. Or,when just the 'grasstops' are needed, we recruit just a few of a target's key friends or contributors to join us. No matter the issue, we bring together coalitions that are credible, persuasive and cost-effective."

Honors
APCO was named 2003 International Agency of the Year by The Holmes Report, a PR industry newsletter. In 2004, it was listed as one of the top PR firms by The Hill, a Washington, DC newspaper.

U.S. Government PR Contracts
According to the U.S. House Committee on Government Reform Minority Office, APCO received the following amounts per year, for federal PR contracts:
 * $246,946 in 2004

International Clients
In July 2004, O'Dwyers PR Daily reported that APCO Worldwide had been hired by the Indonesian Ministry of Communication and Information on a six-month contract to promote stronger ties with the U.S. government. The Indonesia account is handled by Barry Schumacher, who told O'Dwyer's that after the Indonesian Presidential election on September 20, APCO would organise a tour of the country's leaders to Washington, D.C.

"The group will talk about diplomatic ties, democratic reform and cooperation on the terror front," O'Dwyers reported.

Insight
As part of a five-year research project, through its opinion research division, Insight, APCO carried out an extensive survey on corporate social responsibility (or CSR) in 2004. The survey, which included more than 400 "opinion elites" - members of the top 10 percent of society, with regard to media consumption, civic engagement, and interest in public policy issues - in 10 countries, found that people's consumption patterns are influenced by CSR efforts. "Positive CSR information has led 72% of the respondents to purchase a company's product or services and 61% to recommend the company to others. Conversely, negative CSR news has led 60% to a boycott a company's products and services," reported PR Week. 

Based on its survey, APCO Insight Vice-President Chrystine Zacherau suggested that companies "shape the opinion environment" by touting their own CSR efforts, "as opposed to fearing the impact of [negative] information from external organizations. ... Communicating about CSR does have positive effects for corporations," Zacherau stressed. However, the survey also found that "91 percent of respondents found CSR more credible when verified by a third-party such as a non-governmental organization or local government." 

Personnel

 * Alisa Harrison Vice President, former director of communications for the U.S. Department of Agriculture
 * Donald Riegle, a former Democratic senator from Michigan
 * Steve Solarz, a former Democratic congressman from New York
 * Don Bonker, a former Democratic congressman from Washington state
 * Mickey Edwards, a former Republican congressman from Oklahoma
 * Peter Hannaford, former public relations/ communications adviser to Ronald Reagan
 * Chrystine Zacherau
 * Bob Dole
 * Sandra E. Taylor, on APCO Worldwide’s International Advisory Council; former senior vice president of corporate social responsibility for Starbucks

Income and Employee Totals
O'Dwyer's PR lists APCO as earning $81,844,117 in net fees in 2006, up 11% on the previous year. It notes the firm has 470 employees.

PR Week ranked APCO Worldwide as the number four PR agency in the United States in 2008 (after Edelman, Waggener Edstrom and Ruder Finn, respectively), with 2007 revenue of $57,386,800, a 16% increase from the previous year's total revenue of $49,454,766. The ranking also notes its staff total of 243 (2006 total: 229), with $236,160 in revenue per employee.

Clients
According to APCO its client list includes "clients include governments, corporations, industry associations and non-profit organizations. APCO also includes among its clients six of the top 10 companies on Fortune's Global 500," it states. 

This client list includes both past and present clients and is compiled from selected clients listed on APCO's website, O'Dwyers PR Daily, Holmes Report and miscellaneous sources.
 * Alaska Airlines
 * American Tort Reform Association
 * Association of Distributive Environmental Bodies
 * Avis
 * Baxter Healthcare Corporation
 * British Airways
 * Business Software Alliance (BSA)
 * British Entertainment and Discotheque Association (BEDA)
 * Cable & Wireless
 * California Alliance for Energy & Economic Stability
 * California Building Industry Association
 * The California Endowment
 * Capital One
 * CGNU Insurance
 * Coalition for the Modernization and Protection of America's Social Security
 * Consumer Discount Campaign in Germany
 * Dow Corning
 * Employers' Coalition on Medicare
 * Futures Group Europe
 * GlobeXplorer
 * Global Business Leaders Alliance Against Counterfeiting
 * Government of Canada
 * The government of Turkey
 * Harrah's New Orleans Casino
 * HBOS
 * Immunex Corporation - Novantrone
 * International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Associations
 * Indonesia's Ministry of Communication and Information
 * Johnson & Johnson
 * Kazakhstan - In October 2007, O'Dwyer's reported that APCO "has received a payment of $487,777 to cover work done here through the end of the year for the government of strongman Nursultan Nazarbayev. ... Kazakhstan is embroiled in a fight with western oil companies over the development of a field in the Caspian."
 * Lufthansa Airlines
 * Mercedes-Benz
 * Merck Sharp & Dohme
 * Microsoft
 * National Association of Town Watch (NATW)
 * New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
 * Nokia
 * Norilsk Nickel
 * Novartis Pharmaceuticals - Glivec
 * Pfizer
 * Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
 * Philip Morris
 * Procter & Gamble LLC
 * Raytheon
 * Roche
 * STERIS Corporation
 * Quality Brands Protection Committee (QBPC)
 * The Restaurant Association
 * Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency
 * STERIS Corporation
 * Thames Water
 * Transport & General Workers Union (T&G)
 * The Vaccine Fund
 * United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA)
 * USCS International, Inc.
 * Washington Health Care Association
 * World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc.
 * WorldCom, Inc.
 * Yukos Oil

Contact Information
APCO Worldwide 700 12th St. N.W., Suite 800 Washington, DC 20005 Phone: (202) 778-1000 Fax: (202)-466-6002 Email: information AT apcoworldwide.com Web: http://www.apcoworldwide.com/

SourceWatch Resources

 * Citizens for Better Medicare
 * Craig L. Fuller
 * Chris Tydeman
 * Matt Browne
 * Darren Murphy