Structural Adjustment Loan

A Structural Adjustment Loan (SAL) is a loan given by the World Bank on the condition that the receiving country accept a package of neoliberal structural adjustment programs. The SAL was first introduced in 1980 under World Bank president Robert McNamara. The first recipients of such loans were Kenya and Turkey.

Structural Adjustment Loans
The following countries have received structural adjustment and sectoral adjustment loans:

Asia:
 * Bangladesh: 1980, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1986
 * Indonesia: 1987, 1988, 1989
 * Korea: 1981, 1983
 * Nepal: 1987
 * Pakistan: 1980, 1982, 1985 (Energy), 1986 (Export Development)
 * The Philippines: 1980, 1983, 1984 (Agriculture)
 * Thailand: 1982, 1983

Europe:
 * Turkey: 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985 (Agriculture)
 * Yugoslavia: 1983

Latin America and the Caribbean:
 * Bolivia: 1980
 * Brazil: 1983, 1983, 1986
 * Chile: 1985, 1986, 1987
 * Colombia: 1985, 1986
 * Costa Rica: 1983
 * Ecuador: 1985 (Agriculture), 1987 (Finance)
 * Guyana: 1981
 * Jamaica: 1982, 1983, 1983, 1984, 1987
 * Mexico: 1983 (Export Development), 1986 (Trade Policy), 1987 (Export Development), 1987 (Trade Policy)
 * Nicaragua: 1980
 * Uruguay: 1984 (Agriculture)

Africa:
 * Central African Republic: 1986, 1988
 * Congo: 1987
 * Cote d'Ivoire: 1981, 1983, 1986
 * The Gambia: 1986
 * Ghana: 1983, 1984, 1985
 * Guinea: 1986
 * Kenya: 1980, 1983, 1986 (Agriculture), 1988 (Industry), 1989 (Finance), 1991 (Export Dev.), 1991 (Agriculture II), 1992 (Education), 1996.
 * Malawi: 1981, 1983, 1985
 * Mauritania: 1985, 1987
 * Mauritius: 1981, 1983
 * Morocco: 1984 (Industry and Trade Policy), 1985 (Industry and Trade Policy II), 1985 (Agriculture), 1987 (Education)
 * Nigeria: 1983
 * Senegal: 1980, 1986, 1987
 * Somalia: 1980 (Agriculture), 1983 (Agriculture)
 * Sudan: 1986 (Agriculture)
 * Tanzania: 1981, 1986
 * Togo: 1983, 1985
 * Tunisia: 1986 (Agriculture), 1987 (Industry and Trade Policy)
 * Uganda: 1982, 1984
 * Zaire: 1986 (Industry), 1987
 * Zambia: 1985 (Agriculture)
 * Zimbabwe: 1983

Related Sourcewatch articles

 * World Bank
 * International Monetary Fund
 * Washington Consensus
 * India's New Economic Policy of 1991
 * Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF)
 * Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF)
 * Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF)

External Resources

 * "Structural Adjustment Programmes," World Health Organization.
 * "Supervising and Monitoring Structural Adjustment Loans," World Bank.
 * "Structural Adjustment Program," WhirledBank.org.
 * Adjustment Lending: An Evaluation of Ten Years of Experience, World Bank, 1989.

External Articles

 * Anup Shah, "Structural Adjustment: A Major Cause of Poverty, Global Issues, November 28, 2010.
 * Howard Stein, “The World Bank and the IMF in Africa: Strategy and Routine in the Generation of a Failed Agenda,” Center for Afro-American and African Studies (CAAS) and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, January, 2004.
 * Peter Gibbon, "The World Bank and African Poverty, 1973-91," Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Jun., 1992), pp. 193-220.
 * Nirupam Bajpai, "World Bank's Structural Adjustment Lending: Conflicting Objectives," Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 25, No. 15 (Apr. 14, 1990), pp. 791-794.
 * "Adjustment Lending: Lessons from a Decade of Experience (SAL/SECAL Overview), World Bank, Independent Evaluation Group.