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Moon hoax (also known as Moon landing hoax or Apollo hoax) refers to the doubt or dissent that men landed on the Moon in 1969–1972 during the Apollo programme. Those who think so (called here Moon sceptics) suspect or claim that NASA lied to the world, filming everything on Earth and making up evidence such as rock samples. Some Moon sceptics dispute the authenticity of the Skylab space station too. (p. 162)

Questioning man's way to the Moon is almost an absolute taboo in scientific circles. But in the Internet, the debate between NASA defenders and Moon sceptics goes on, and public support for the latter grows. An official admission of a hoax would likely have the most grave consequences for NASA, the USA, and all people and organisations involved in space exploration worldwide. This would also challenge the future manned Moon and Mars missions.

Rationale
On 12 April 1961, the USSR sent the first man into space—Yuri Gagarin. Six weeks later, US President John Kennedy promised a manned Moon landing by 1969 to win the battle of systems and impress the world with technical superiority:

Finally, if we are to win the battle that is now going on around the world between freedom and tyranny, the dramatic achievements in space which occurred in recent weeks should have made clear to us all, as did the Sputnik in 1957, the impact of this adventure on the minds of men everywhere, who are attempting to make a determination of which road they should take.

Moon sceptics say that NASA had to fake Apollo Moon landings due to severe technical problems, insoluble for these eight years, which deadline however had to be met by all means. The USA could not afford to lose the Moon race. Bill Kaysing (see below) suggested that "during the 1960s, they (NASA) said 'if you can't make it, fake it'". And in 2004, President George Bush gave not eight but sixteen years for a manned return to the Moon, albeit the technologies for it should have already been developed forty years ago. In 2010, President Barack Obama cancelled this plan, adding fuel to the fire of the Moon sceptics.

History
Doubts about the authenticity of Apollo Moon landings appeared first in December 1968 when Apollo 8 was launched. The almost perfectly executed odyssey of Apollo 11 seemed unreal to some who believed it to be a hoax, contrived for mere publicity.

The first book on the subject ("Did man land on the Moon?") was issued in 1970 by the Texas mathematician James J. Cranny. (2:52–3:03) The suggestive scenes in the films "Diamonds are forever" by Guy Hamilton (1971) and especially "Capricorn One" by Peter Hyams (1978, about a hoaxed flight to Mars in a spacecraft that looks the same as the Apollo craft) gave a powerful boost to the popularity of the hoax theory, coinciding with the increased distrust in official US reports after the Watergate scandal. And today, a sequel to "Capricorn One" is in the "deep development stage", said Navid McIlhargey, Senior Vice President of New Regency Productions in Los Angeles.

In 2006, the Apollo era slow-scan TV and telemetry data tape reels were declared missing. The question of what happened to the tapes "stuck in the craw" of the Moon doubters. And in 2009, NASA revealed that the tapes were erased.

Public opinion
There are entire subcultures in the USA and substantial cultures around the world that are convinced that Apollo Moon landings were faked. This view is taught in Cuban schools and wherever else Cuban teachers are sent (Nicaragua, Angola, etc.). It is also shared by the Taliban and by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.

Poll results
On 14 June 1970, Knight Newspapers polled 1721 people in six US cities and found that more than 30% were "suspicious of NASA's trips to the Moon" with the number rising to 54% in some Afro-American areas. (pp. 3, 5) And on 4 November 2002, the Italian daily "Corriere della sera" reported that 68% of the non-white US population do not believe NASA. The following table lists a score of public opinion survey results. The "sceptics" column shows the percentage of people who doubt or deny that men walked on the Moon.

† German astronaut Prof. Dr Ulrich Walter noted that the percentage of sceptics increased from 36% in 2002 to 44% just two years later.

NASA's response
NASA issued an information sheet to address some of the concerns already in June 1977. But in August 1997, their Director of Media Services (1998–2000) Brian Welch (1958–2000) said in an interview with Sky TV News: (p. 68) (48:13–48:46)

This is thirty year old stuff... I don't understand why we should spend the time to go after, do the research, to look up, to prove to people that we went to the Moon; in fact of matters we did go to the Moon.

When Fox TV aired Bruce Nash's film "Conspiracy theory: Did we land on the Moon?" in 2001, NASA released hoax theory rebuttal materials on their web and FTP sites. They also wrote suggestions for science teachers on how to refute the hoax claims using the Lunar Sample Disk Kits.

In 2002, NASA hired their veteran, former rocket scientist, MSNBC News space consultant and analyst, journalist (and as it turned out later, China's Moon programme sceptic) James Edward Oberg (b. 1944). For a fee of $15,000, his job was to write a book intended to challenge those who claim that Apollo Moon landings were a hoax. But NASA soon cancelled the project, declining to give the reasons for this. It is understood that the decision resulted from the bad publicity that followed the announcement of the project. NASA spokesman Bob Jacobs said criticism that NASA was displaying poor judgement and a lack of confidence in commissioning the book caused the agency to abort it. Others commented that making the Oberg's book an official NASA publication would actually give a certain credibility to the hoax theory. For example, then NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe said:

The issue of trying to do a targeted response to this is just lending credibility to something that is, on its face, asinine.

After NASA's decision to cancel the book, Oberg said that ignoring the problem just makes this harder and that he still intends to write it as an unofficial publication (working title: "A pall over Apollo"), depending on successfully arranging new funding sources. But as of 2009, no such book is known to have been published by him yet, albeit the influential Israeli daily Haaretz ("The Land") wrote that he did get the $15,000 from NASA. Moon sceptic Yuri Mukhin (see below) claims that Oberg had passed the text of the unreleased book for use by the voluntary NASA helpers. (p. 251) Oberg had indeed announced that he will issue the book in an informal manner.

NASA defenders
Nonetheless, with the advent of the Internet, unofficial websites appeared worldwide that aim to refute the sceptics' objections. Thus NASA's intention turned out to be carried out by others' hands, in an unofficial manner. So NASA evaded the initial promise and thus escaped responsibility, leaving the world public in a deep bewilderment.

In 2009, NASA spokesman John Yembrick wrote that "amateurs are stepping in and arguing on behalf of astronauts and scientists who are too professional to defend themselves."

Here are some of the most notable NASA defenders—webmasters, authors of books, articles, TV shows, etc.:


 * Sri Lankabhimanya Sir Arthur Charles Clarke, Commander of the British Empire, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, British science fiction author, inventor, and futurist.
 * Sir Patrick Alfred Caldwell-Moore, Commander of the British Empire, Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, English amateur astronomer and writer.
 * Prof. Dr Harald Lesch, German astrophysicist.
 * Prof. Dr Michael Brant Shermer, American psychologist, economist, writer, founder of The Sceptics Society, and editor of its Sceptic magazine.
 * Prof. Dr Steven I. Dutch, American geologist.
 * Dr Gerardus D. Bouw, American astronomer, geocentrist, and "Geocentricity" site owner.
 * Dr Igor Rurikovich Suslov, Russian physicist and doctor of physical-mathematical sciences.
 * Dr James Randi (Randall James Hamilton Zwinge), American illusionist, founder of the James Randi Educational Foundation, and same-named site owner.
 * Dr Michael Linden-Vørnle, Danish astrophysicist.
 * Dr Pasquariello Domenico, director of the Italian Research Centre on Anomalous Phenomena (CEIFAN).
 * Dr Philip Cary Plait, American astronomer, author of the book "Bad astronomy", and same-named site owner.
 * Dr Steve D. Barrett, British physicist, Senior Lecturer, and Principal Scientist.
 * Dr Vladislav-Veniamin Friedrichovich Pustynski, native-Russian-speaking Estonian astrophysicist, member of the International Astronomical Union, lecturer, and teacher in Spanish who defends NASA in forums (aliases 7-40, 7:40, etc.).
 * Abduldaem Al-Kaheel, Syrian mechanical engineer, researcher in the Scientific Miracles of the Qur'an and Sunnah, author of forty books, and "Kaheel7" site owner.
 * Alberto Farid Char Bonilla, Chilean psychologist, amateur astronomer, and "Austrinus" site owner.
 * Alexander Yevgenyevich Markov, Russian engineer who collected a special library about the Apollo programme and Wernher von Braun and published a series of articles about them.
 * Ali Murat Güven, Turkish journalist and columnist of the "Yeni safak" ("New dawn") conservative daily.
 * Brent Silby, New Zealand learning advisor, teacher, philosopher, game designer, DJ, and "Def-Logic" site owner.
 * Chan Kihung, Hong Kong Space Museum assistant curator.
 * David A. Hardy, Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society and former President of the International Association of Astronomical Artists.
 * David Dickinson, American aircraft armament systems specialist, amateur astronomer, and "Astro guyz" site owner.
 * David John Owen, New Zealand psychiatric nurse, multi-instrumentalist, TV director, web designer, and same-named site owner.
 * David Lyons, British "Astro Central" site owner.
 * Diego Cuoghi, Italian architect, industrial designer, artist, art historian, writer, and same-named site owner.
 * Dirk H. Lorenzen, German astrophysicist, writer, and member of the executive board of the German Association of Science Journalists.
 * Gavin S. Sinclair, Scottish "Red Zero" site owner.
 * Gleb Valentinovich Pyanykh (host) and Ella Boyko (author), the staff of the Russian NTV's "Maximum" programme.
 * Guillermo O. Descalzo, Argentinian manager, rocket modeller, and same-named site owner.
 * HJP Arnold, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, the British Interplanetary Society, and the Remote Sensing and Photogrammetric Society.
 * Ian Williams Goddard, American freelance artist, writer, and same-named site owner.
 * James Franklin Hyneman, Adam Whitney Savage, Grant Masaru Imahara (special effect experts), Salvatore Paul Belleci (filmmaker), and Kari Elizabeth Byron (artist), American staff of the Australian TV programme "Mythbusters" (also aired on the Russian TV3 channel).
 * James V. Scotti, American astronomer and Senior Research Specialist.
 * Jay Windley (alias Jay Utah), American engineer and "Clavius" site owner.
 * Keith Mayes, British amateur astronomer, author of the book "Science, the Universe, and God" (2004), and "Keyboard" site owner.
 * Marcus Haas, German physicist and same-named site owner.
 * Masashi Yokoyama, Hiroshi Yamamoto, Junya Terazono, and Tatsuya Honjo, Japanese NASA defenders of the Association for Sceptical Investigation of Supernatural (ASIOS).
 * Matteo Negri, secretary of the Italian amateur astronomers group "Columbia" and owner of the "Siamo andati sulla Luna" ("We went to the Moon") site.
 * Matthias Lipinski, German "Apollo Projekt" site owner.
 * Milivoje Jugin, Serbian aeronautics engineer.
 * Neil Atkinson, English geologist and "Apollo Hoax" site owner.
 * Paolo Attivissimo, Swiss writer, journalist, and same-named site owner.
 * Patrick Jacques, President of a Belgian astronomy club.
 * Pavel Gabzdyl, Czech astronomer.
 * Philip R. Karn, Jr, American electrical engineer, radio amateur, programmer, and "KA9Q" site owner.
 * Piero Bianucci, Italian journalist and writer.
 * Robert A. Braeunig, American engineer, amateur astronomer, and same-named site owner.
 * Ronaldo Rogério de Freitas Mourão, Brazilian astronomer.
 * Svetoslav Dimitrov Alexandrov, Bulgarian "Cosmos" site owner.
 * Thanassis Vembos, Greek researcher, journalist, writer, and same-named site owner.
 * Thomas Bohn, Canadian "Moonshot" site owner.
 * Tom Callen, Swedish astronomer and programme producer at Cosmonova, the Swedish Museum of Natural History.
 * Tracy Ballinger, Angeline Lim, Katie Sprouse, Ronen Kalay, and Ben Goecke, American attendants in the Space Science Outreach and Research (SSOAR) academy.
 * Uwe Rexin, German "Mondlandung" site owner.
 * Visanu Euarchukiati, Thai Astronomical Society deputy secretary.
 * Vladimir Nikolaevich Pavlyuk, Russian aviation equipment engineer who defends NASA in web forums (alias Stary—old man).
 * Włodzimierz W. (surname to be added), Russian-Polish NASA defender in forums (aliases Wlodzio_Boss, Aligator, D.W.W., Дядюшка ВВ, etc.), "Programme Apollo" site owner, and translator of part of the article of Krasilnikov and Yatskin (see below) to Polish.
 * Yuri Donatovich Krasilnikov (physicist and programmer) and Vyacheslav Yatskin (programmer), Russian NASA defenders, authors (or mostly translators from English, according to Yuri Mukhin—see below) (p. 251) of the 327 KB long "Skeptik.net/conspir/moonhoax.htm" article.

NASA defenders who mock Moon sceptics instead of refuting them:


 * Christopher W. Powers, American software engineer who wrote a Usenet article in 1995 on filmmaker Stanley Kubrick directing the Moon hoax and admitted that it was a joke twelve years later.
 * William Karel, French filmmaker who directed the mockumentary "Opération Lune" (2002; English version: "Dark side of the Moon") further developing the above joke about Kubrick.

Wikipædia editors do their best to defend NASA, categorising the Moon hoax view as "conspiracy theory", "pseudo-science", "pseudo-history", "denialism", etc.

Moon sceptics or "conspiracy theorists"?
Moon sceptics are often labelled "conspiracy theorists" (e.g. by Roger Launius, senior curator at the National Air and Space Museum at the US Smithsonian Institution) but they disagree. For example, Bart Sibrel (see below) said:

I'm not a conspiracy theorist. I don't believe in aliens from outer space, and I grew up as a big fan of the Moon missions from age 8 to 14.

Psychologist Floyd Rudmin writes that "conspiracy theory" is a powerful pejorative label, meaning paranoid, nutty, marginal, and certainly untrue. Its power is that it discounts a theory by attacking the motivations and mental competence of its advocates. By labelling an explanation of events "conspiracy theory", evidence and argument are dismissed because they come from a mentally or morally deficient personality, not because they have been shown to be incorrect. Calling an explanation of events "conspiracy theory" means, in effect, "We don't like you, and no one should listen to your explanation."

In past eras, other pejorative labels like "heresy", "witchery", and "communism" also worked like this. The charge of "conspiracy theory" is not so severe, but in its way much worse. Heresy, witchcraft, and communism at least retain a sense of potency, designating ideas to be feared. "Conspiracy theory" implies that the ideas and their advocates are simple-minded or insane. Such labels implicitly define a community of orthodox believers and try to banish or shun people who challenge orthodox beliefs. Community members sympathetic to new thoughts may shy away from them and join in the shunning in fear of being tainted by the pejorative label.

Besides "conspiracy theorists", Moon sceptics are also called "fringe theorists", "refuters" (assuming that they hold the burden of proof, which they, e.g. Alexander Popov, deny—see below), "deniers" (associating them with the Holocaust deniers), "hoax believers", "crackpots", etc. And Julian Scheer (1926–2001), NASA's Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs (1963–1971) stated: (41:43–41:51)

I would say that anybody who believes that we did not go to the Moon is an absolute nut.

Conversely, NASA defenders are called "NASA hiwis" and "Pro-Apollo nutters" ("PANs") by Moon sceptics Yuri Mukhin (p. 251) and Sam Colby, respectively (see below).

The following funny theses are popular in the Russian Internet community:

Major Moon sceptics
Some of the most notable Moon sceptics are listed below.

Bill Kaysing
William Charles Kaysing (1922–2005), American writer and head of technical publications (1957–1963) at Rocketdyne, makers of the Saturn V first stage engine, the F-1. He wrote the book "We never went to the Moon" with Randy Reid in 1974. (ch. 17)

Kaysing stated that the chance of a successful Moon landing was calculated to be 0.0017% in a late 1950s Rocketdyne report and that the F-1 rocket engine had combustion stability problems. (p. 9) He said that the Saturn V rockets took off without astronauts on board, suggesting a "coalition between governments at the highest level" to conceal, among other things, the Moon hoax.

Bart Sibrel
Bartholomew Winfield Sibrel (b. 1965), American filmmaker and investigative journalist who made the following documentary films:


 * 1) A funny thing happened on the way to the Moon (2001)
 * 2) Astronauts Gone Wild (2004)
 * 3) Apollo 11 press conference (2004)
 * 4) Apollo 11: Monkey business: False photography unedited (2004)
 * 5) Apollo One accident report (2007)

Sibrel says that "a successful manned mission to the Moon offered a wonderful, pride-boosting distraction for the near revolt of the citizens of America over 50,000 deaths in the Vietnam War", with lunar activities stopping abruptly and planned missions cancelled around the same time that the USA ceased its involvement in Vietnam.

In his film "Astronauts gone wild" (see above), Sibrel asked nine Apollo astronauts to swear on the Bible that they went to the Moon. Three of them swore. Apollo 11 lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin did not. Sibrel called him "a coward and a liar and a thief" but got a punch in the face.

Stanislav Pokrovsky
Stanislav Georgievich Pokrovsky (b. 1959) is a Russian candidate of technical sciences and General Director of the scientific-manufacturing enterprise "Project-D-MSK".

In 2007, he studied the filmed staging of the first stage (S-IC) of the Saturn V rocket after the launch of Apollo 11. Analysing it frame by frame, he calculated the actual speed of the Saturn V rocket at S-IC staging time using four different, independent and mutually verifying methods. With all of them, the calculated speed turned out to be at maximum half (1.2 km/s) of the declared one at that point (2.4 km/s). He concluded that due to this, no more than 28 t could be brought on the way to the Moon, including the spacecraft, instead of the 46 t declared by NASA, and so a loop around the Moon was possible but not a manned landing on the Moon with return to the Earth.

In 2008, Pokrovsky also claimed to have determined the reason why a higher speed was impossible—problems with the Inconel X-750 superalloy used for the tubes of the wall of the thrust chamber of the F-1 engine, whose physics of high-temperature strength was not yet studied at that time. The strength of the material changes when affected by high temperature and plastic deformations. As a result, the F-1 engine thrust had to be lowered by at least 20%. With these assumptions, he calculated that the real speed would be the same as he had already estimated (see above). Pokrovsky proved that six or more F-1 engines (instead of five) could not be used due to the increased fuel mass required by each new engine, which in turn would require more engines, and so on.

Pokrovsky claims that his Saturn V speed estimation is the "first direct proof of the impossibility of the Apollo Moon landing". He says that fifteen specialists with scientific degrees (e.g. Alexander Budnik) who reviewed his paper, of which at least five aerodynamics experts and three narrow specialists in ultrasonic movement and aerosols, raised no objections in principle, and the specific wishes and notes they (e.g. Vladimir Surdin) did have could not change his results significantly even if followed. Pokrovsky compares his own frame-by-frame analysis of the filmed Saturn V flight to the frame-by-frame analysis of the filmed Trinity nuclear test (1945) done by the Soviet academician Leonid Sedov who created his own blast wave theory to estimate the then top secret power of the explosion.

See also author's note below. Pokrovsky's findings about the rocket speed were later confirmed by Alexander Reshnyak and Alexander Popov (see below), and his smoke lag method proven to be valid.

Alexander Popov
Alexander Ivanovich Popov (b. 1943) is a Russian senior research associate, doctor of physical-mathematical sciences, and author of more than 100 scientific works and inventions in the fields of laser optics and spectroscopy.

Helped by more than forty volunteers, most of which with scientific degrees, he wrote the book "Americans on the Moon" (2009). In it, Popov placed the burden of proof on NASA, and denied all Moon landing evidence, dividing it to five groups:


 * 1) Visual (photo, film and video) material that can successfully be made on Earth, in cinema studios.
 * 2) Obvious counterfeits and fakes, when visual material from ordinary space flights on Earth orbit is presented as Moon material.
 * 3) Space photos, attributed to the astronauts but which by that time could already be made and were made by space robots, including American ones.
 * 4) Devices on Moon (e.g. light reflectors)—by that time both American and Soviet automatic "messengers" had sent on Moon several tens of similar devices.
 * 5) Unfounded, unprovable claims, e.g. for about 400 kg of soil, overwhelming part of which NASA keeps safe and gives only grams for checking.

Thus he concluded that the NASA claims on Moon landings are left unproven, and pursuant to science rules, in the absence of trustworthy evidence, the event, in this case the American Moon landings and their loops around the Moon, cannot be considered real, that is, having taken place. He also confirmed Pokrovsky's results for the speed of the Saturn V at S-IC staging time (see above). (pp. 230–233) Popov accused the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee of trading the 1970s Détente for covering up the US Moon hoax and stopping the Soviet Moon programme.

Yuri Mukhin
Yuri Ignatievich Mukhin (b. 1949), Russian opposition politician, publicist, writer, engineer, metallurgist, manager, and inventor. Author of the books "The Moon affair of the USA" (2006) and "A Moon affair" (2009), and the film "Maximum lies and nonsense" (2010). In his works, he examines the differences between the Soviet and US lunar soil found out by Western researchers, refutes the NASA defenders' arguments, and accuses the US government for plundering the taxpayers' money for the Moon programme. Mukhin states that the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee was blackmailed by the USA that if the USSR denounces the Moon hoax, the US will denounce the Soviet partocracy before his people, revealing that Khrushchev had killed Stalin and Beria. (pp. 124–126)

Other Moon sceptics

 * Prof. Dr Krassimir Ivanov Ivandjiiski (b. 1947), Bulgarian doctor of economics and professor in geopolitics and international relations. He is the editor of the monthly analytical newspaper "Strogo sekretno" ("Top secret"), which published a series of ten articles on the Moon Hoax, based on the ideas of Alexander Popov (see above) in 2007–2008.
 * Prof. Dr Li Zifeng, Chinese geologist, member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers and the Petroleum Society of Canada.
 * Prof. Dr Takahiko Soejima (b. 1953), Japanese political scientist and writer, member of the International Political Science Association, founder and president of the Soejima National Strategy Institute, and author of the book "1962–1972: Apollo 11 has never been to the Moon" (2004).
 * Prof. Federico Martín Maglio (b. 1959), Argentinian higher educator and "FMM education" site owner.
 * Prof. James M. McCanney, American physicist, lecturer, writer, radio show host, and "J. McCanney science" site owner.
 * Prof. Luke Sargent, American historian, professional violinist, and "Fake Apollo" site owner.
 * Dr David Groves, British physicist and holographic computer image analyst. Analysing NASA photo AS11-40-5866, knowing the focal length of the camera's lens, and having an actual boot, he and David Percy (see below) calculated (using ray-tracing) that an artificial light source is 30 ± 6 cm to the right of the camera. (35:14–36:46)
 * Dr Marco Stefanelli, Italian PhD in Indovedic psychology, analyst-programmer, Web engineer, painter, Reiki Usui alternative medicine practitioner, researcher, audio engineer, sound designer, composer, multi-instrumentalist, and same-named site owner.
 * Dr Neville Thomas Jones, British physicist and "Reality reviewed" site owner.
 * Dr Shrikant N. Devdikar, Indian medical doctor and "Shriworld" site owner.
 * Dr William L. Brian II, American engineer and writer. He says that "the film speed was adjusted to slow down the action to give the impression that the astronauts were lighter than they actually were".
 * Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda (1896–1977), the founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.
 * Alexander Garrievich Gordon (b. 1964), Russian radio and TV host, journalist, actor, and filmmaker. Author of the film "The Americans haven't been on the Moon" (1997).
 * Alexander Valeryevich Reshnyak (b. 1973), Russian engineer who confirmed Pokrovsky's results on the Saturn V speed (see above) using a method of his own.
 * André F. Mauro (b. 1964), Brazilian filmmaker and writer, author of the book "O homem não pisou na Lua" ("Man did not set foot on the Moon"), and "Show da Lua" site owner.
 * Anne Tonelson (d. 2006), British stage actress who lived in Nashville and narrated the documentary film "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Moon" by Bart Sibrel (see above).
 * Anup Raj Shrestha, Nepalese software developer and "Big Mantra" site owner.
 * Arkady Velyurov, Russian "Pepelatsy" site owner.
 * Aron Ranen, American filmmaker. His documentary film "Did we go?" (co-produced with Benjamin Britton) was selected for the 2000 "New Documentary Series" Museum of Modern Art, New York City, the 2000 Dallas Video Festival Awards, and the 2001 Digital Video Underground Festival in San Francisco. He received a Golden Cine Eagle and two fellowships from the National Endowment for Arts.
 * Bill Wood, American scientist with degrees in mathematics, physics and chemistry, and a space rocket and propulsion engineer who has worked with McDonnell Douglas and engineers who worked on the Saturn V rocket. He attended David Percy's documentary film "What happened on the Moon?" (see below). (17:20–18:15)
 * Borislav Lazarov, Bulgarian radio host, journalist and author of the documentary film "To the Moon and back" (2007).
 * Bruce Mitchell Nash (b. 1947), American writer and reality TV producer.
 * Charles T. Hawkins (b. 1962), American writer whose book "How America faked the Moon landings" (2004) presents the ideas of Sam Colby (see below).
 * Clyde Lewis (Louis Clyde Holder, born 1964), American radio talk show host.
 * David Cosnette, British "Cosmic Conspiracies" site owner.
 * David McGowan (b. 1960), American writer, contractor-constructor, and "Centre for an Informed America" ("CIA") site owner.
 * David P. Wozney, Canadian tax specialist.
 * David R. Hook (1971–2006), Canadian comedian, musician, and author of "The Moon song".
 * David S. Percy, British TV producer, audio-visual technology expert, member of the Royal Photographic Society, coauthor (with Mary Bennett—see below) of the book "Dark Moon" (2001), and director of the documentary film "What happened on the Moon?" (2000). He says that NASA photos have so obvious flaws that they prove that insiders tried to "blow the whistle" on the hoax by purposely adding errors they know will be seen.
 * Eric Hufschmid, American software engineer and same-named site owner.
 * Gerhard Wisnewski (b. 1959), German publicist and author of the films "Die Akte Apollo" ("The case Apollo", 2002) and "Die Mond(f)lüge: Warum Menschen niemals auf dem Mond landeten?" ("Why have men never landed on the Moon?", 2008), and the books "Lies in space" (in German) and its English version—"One small step?".
 * Gernot L. Geise, German writer, author of "Der größte Betrug des Jahrhunderts? Die Apollo-Mondflüge" ("The greatest scam of the century? The Apollo Moon flights") and five other books on the subject.
 * Henrik Melvang, Danish publicist, author of the video documentary film "Afsløring Apollo" ("Uncovering Apollo")
 * Henry Kubik, Polish-Australian electronic music composer, lyricist, performer, sound engineer, and producer.
 * Ivona Živković, Serbian journalist and TV star.
 * Jack White, American photo historian, photo analyst, and expert on the assassination of US President John Kennedy.
 * Jackie Jura, independent Canadian researcher and "Orwell Today" site owner.
 * James Beals, American "Future Sun" site owner.
 * James J. Cranny, American mathematician and author of the first book on the subject—"Did man land on the Moon?" (1970). (2:52–3:03)
 * James M. Collier (d. 1998), American journalist, writer, and author of the film "Was it only a paper Moon?" in 1997, in which he examines some mechanical issues of the Apollo Lunar Module, questioning its usability.
 * Jarrah White, native Australian, author of the film series "MoonFaker".
 * Jean-Luc Godard (b. 1930), French-Swiss filmmaker.
 * Jiří Wojnar, Czech writer, journalist, and editor of the "WM" magazine who published a Czech translation of Sam Colby's work (see below) in 2004.
 * Joe Rogan (b. 1967), American comedian, actor, and summariser.
 * John Lee, American "NASA moons USA" site owner whose film "We Never Went to the Moon" received the "Music Video of the Year" award in 2005.
 * Kazimierz Ożóg, Polish "Market analysis" site owner.
 * Kenneth Lee Vardon (b. 1939), American Navy veteran, radioman, cryptographer, businessman, consultant, and founder of the American Patriot Friends Network.
 * Kevin Overstreet, American "Bates Motel" site owner.
 * László Aranyi, Hungarian same-named site owner and translator of Sam Colby's pages (see below).
 * Lauri Leinonen, Finnish sheep farmer, web designer, and "Lampuri" site owner.
 * Leonid Valentinovich Batsura, Russian "Himmash" design house lead engineer and rocket engine specialist.
 * Marcus Allen, British publisher of Nexus magazine who said that Lunar Module photos do not prove that the US put men on the Moon: "Getting to the Moon really isn't much of a problem—the Russians did that in 1959—the big problem is getting people there".
 * Mario Kienappel, German "Esoturio" site owner.
 * Marwa Rizk, Egyptian journalist and columnist of the "Moheet" on-line daily.
 * Mary D. M. Bennett, British researcher and writer who coauthored David Percy's book "Dark Moon" and attended his documentary film "What happened on the Moon?" (see above).
 * Michael Palomino, Swiss musician, writer, and "Geschichte in Chronologie" ("History in chronology") site owner.
 * Pasi Toivonen (b. 1970), Finnish "Cutting edge Finland" site owner.
 * Peter Bown, English senior school physics teacher and part time photographer.
 * Philippe Lheureux, French author of the books "Moon Landings: Did NASA lie?" and "Lumières sur la Lune" ("Lights on the Moon"), and same-named site owner.
 * Ralph René (1933–2008), American inventor, self-taught engineering enthusiast, and author of the book "NASA mooned America" (1994).
 * Randy Reid, American coauthor of Bill Kaysing's book "We never went to the Moon" (see above).
 * Ronnie Stonge, British narrator of David Percy's documentary film "What happened on the Moon?" (see above).
 * Sam Colby, British "NASA Scam" site owner which, among the other things, provides information and photos of the site and the equipment said to be used for the hoax.
 * Satsvarūpa dāsa Goswāmī (b. 1939), Indian writer, poet, artist, and guru of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.
 * Victor Pavlovich Friedman (b. 1970), Russian writer who lived in the USA (1991–2002) and translated René's book (see above) to Russian.
 * Whoopi Goldberg (Caryn Elaine Johnson, born 1955), American actress, comedian, singer-songwriter, activist, and media personality.

People and organisations said to be involved in hoaxing

 * Prof. Dr Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (1912–1977), claimed by Bart Sibrel, Ralph René, (pp. 16, 54) and Aron Ranen (part 5, 6:14–7:21) to be complicit in the hoax by collecting samples to be used as the basis for "Moon rocks" during his trip to Antarctica in 1967.
 * Dr Robert Rowe Gilruth (1913–2000), then director of the NASA Manned Spacecraft Centre, Lunar Module chief designer in Houston (see Wernher von Braun's "right hand" Ernst Stuhlinger in at 38:09), and Apollo programme lead. Willy Brunner and Gerhard Wisnewski claim (p. 127) that Gilruth "was the real filmmaker of the Moon landing" ("war die engentliche Regisseur der Mondlandung"). (38:44)
 * Colonel Frank Frederick Borman, II (b. 1928), Gemini 7 and Apollo 8 flight commander. He visited the USSR just before the Apollo 11 flight (as Alexander Popov says, to reconnoitre whether the Russians believed in the Apollo 8 orbiting the Moon and help decide if they can "swallow" a much larger Apollo 11 Moon landing hoax). He was also one of the Skylab programme managers.
 * Donald Kent Slayton (1924–1993), NASA Chief Astronaut in 1968, claimed by Sam Colby to be one of the main hoax perpetrators.
 * Michael J. Tuttle, Simithsonian Institution webmaster, claimed by Sam Colby to have made fake photos in the mid-1990s and to have admitted that. Colby says that 95% of the NASA Moon photos were never seen before the spread of the Internet.
 * Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr (1916–2009), CBS journalist who Bill Kaysing says "was the father figure that NASA chose to essentially hype the whole project".
 * William M. Thompson (1920–2002) who had written the following: "I was actually part of the team that created the faked Moon landings and I am ready to talk about them. I have physical evidence to prove that they were faked", to Sam Colby and Kenneth Vardon.
 * The Lookout Mountain Laboratory, claimed by David McGowan to have done the post-production on the Apollo footage after the official "deactivation" of the studio in 1969.

Details
Some specific issues are listed below.

Quotes by famous people
I can't be 100% sure that man actually walked on the Moon. It's possible that NASA could have covered it up, just in order to cut corners, and to be the first to allegedly go to the Moon.

—Dr Brian Todd O'Leary, NASA astronaut & Apollo programme adviser  (5:22–5:45)

Just a month before, Apollo 11 astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong had left their colleague, Michael Collins, aboard spaceship Columbia and walked on the Moon, beating by five months President Kennedy's goal of putting a man on the Moon before the decade was out. The old carpenter asked me if I really believed it happened. I said sure, I saw it on television. He disagreed; he said that he didn't believe it for a minute, that "them television fellers" could make things look real that weren't. Back then, I thought he was a crank. During my eight years in Washington, I saw some things on TV that made me wonder if he wasn't ahead of his time.

—Dr William Jefferson Clinton, President of the United States of America (1993–2001)

The date of the so-called return to the Moon slipped from 2020 to heaven-knows when... I ask my friends and readers to get behind Obama's new policy. Join with me and help usher in a new age of space. A space programme that truly goes somewhere!

—Dr Buzz Aldrin (born Edwin Eugene Aldrin, Jr), astronaut, the Apollo 11 lunar module pilot