Phil Gramm

Former Texas Senator Phillip Gramm is a Democrat turned Republican. He spent much of his career advocating deregulation and tax-cuts. He is married to Wendy Gramm of the Mercatus Center and previously of Enron.

Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
Gramm, as chairman of the Banking Committee, led passage of the 1999 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, making changes in the banking, insurance and securities laws which Congress had kept at bay for sixty years.

Presidential campaign
In 1996, Gramm spent $20 million seeking the Republican presidential nomination, but failed.

The top contributors were:


 * Service Corp International (funeral services) $52,800
 * AFLAC Inc. (health insurance) $44,500
 * Vinson & Elkins LLP (lawyers) $33,750
 * Arthur Andersen & Col (accountants) $30,250
 * Enron Corp. (natural gas) $28,250
 * Anadarko Petroleum (oil and gas) $21,050
 * Dean Witter (securities) $20,000
 * Tenneco Inc. (natual gas) $19,750
 * Sterling Software $19,250
 * John L. Wortham & Sons (insurance) $18,800

External resources

 * The Wall Street Fix: Mr. Weill Goes to Washington: The Long Demise of Glass-Steagall, Frontline, May 8, 2003.