New Mexico and fracking

Introduction
[[File:NM Shale Map.jpg|thumb|left|upright=2.25|Photo courtesy of Experts Review of Shale Formations] New Mexico is the site of about six percent of U.S. total gas production, as of mid-2012, and is home to the world's largest coalbed methane field: the San Juan Basin. Another significant area of gas production is the Permian Basin.

Through the end of 2010, the San Juan Basin has produced approximately 16 tcf of CBM, accounting for 66% of all CBM ever produced in the U.S. CBM production in New Mexico peaked in 1999, and has been slowly declining since, at around 900 bcf/year (as of 2012). The Basin contains over 39,000 wells.

Gas production in the Permian Basin from 2002 to 2011 went from 587 bcf/year to 411 bcf/year. Gas production has been on the decline in New Mexico since 2000, from 1.6 tcf/year in 2000 to 1.2 tcf/year in 2011.

New Mexico has a history of conservation groups, environmental groups, concerned citizens, state agencies and officials joining together to fight hydrofracking. Two major coalitions have successfully fought to ban drilling on two different sites in New Mexico: the Otero Mesa, a 1.2 million acre desert grassland, and Valle Vidal, a 102,000 acre section of the Carson National Forest.

Much of New Mexico operates under split estate laws, which means the landowner does not necessarily own the mineral rights to the land. This can create controversy between gas drilling companies and landowners.

Bans
On April 29, 2013, Mora County commissioners voted 2-1 to ban all oil and gas extraction in their county, near Santa Fe and home to 5,000 people. A temporary drilling moratorium is already in place in neighboring San Miguel County, but Mora County is credited as the first in the nation to impose an outright ban on all oil and gas drilling. The ordinance also established that citizens have a right to a safe and clean environment.

John Olivas, chairman of the Mora County Commission, said the ban in his county stemmed from fear that fracking might harm water wells.

The Battle for Otero Mesa
Otero Mesa is a 1.2 million acre desert grassland in southern New Mexico. Located below the Otero Mesa is the Salt Basin Aquifer, which is contains an estimated 57 million acre feet (unit of volume commonly in the US in reference to large-scale water resources ) of groundwater. According to experts, the fractured nature of its geology makes the aquifer vulnerable to the rapid spread of contamination. It is also federal land. Following a 1997 natural gas discovery, the BLM sought to lease the land for hydrofracturing for two dollars per acre. The BLM, under the Bush Administration, gave the rights to “a company whose White House connections were key to reversing earlier plans to protect much of the area from drilling”. The only bid came from Harvey E. Yates Company, or HEYCO, of Roswell, N.M. Some are calling foul play. HEYCO contributed more than $200,000 in GOP donations. Yates also hosted a GOP fundraiser attended by VP Dick Cheney in 2002.

New Mexico conservation and wilderness groups coalesced to form The Coalition for Otero Mesa in 2002. Many state officials and departments were involved with the coalition, including Gov. Bill Richardson.

State officials reviewed the proposed plans for drilling by BLM, and proposed an alternative plan that “would allow some drilling while placing about 75% of the mesa off-limits to energy exploration and creating a 640,000-acre national conservation area”. Richardson claims that "The BLM totally disregarded my proposal. There is no balance and no regard for ranchers or hunters." According to the LA Times, BLM’s final drilling plan issued in January of 2005 “[was] smaller in scope than originally contemplated but much larger than what Richardson indicated he would support. It allows drilling up to 141 exploratory wells across 95% of Otero Mesa.” Read NM Gov. Bill Richardson's letter to the BLM here. On Earth Day 2005 the state of New Mexico sued the federal government. The law suit included arguments that BLM did not conduct a complete environmental review of the land and water resources. The law suit, which took place in 2007, was successful in creating a drilling moratorium until an environmental assessment could be completed on the aquifer underneath Otero Mesa. Several environmental groups appealed parts of the 2007 decision.

On April 27, 2009, the 10th Circuit Federal Court of Appeals ruled on an additional suit brought by the state of New Mexico, environmental and conservation groups, and state agencies. The Court ruled “the BLM violated the National Environmental Policy Act when it failed to adequately study the impacts of drilling on an aquifer underneath Otero Mesa and then declared the impact to be minimal”. It also ruled that the BLM has a duty to also consider other possible uses of the land, “including conservation to protect environmental values”.

The Battle for Valle Vidal
In 2002, El Paso Corporation publically announced its desire to explore hydrofracturing in Valle Vidal, “the Valley of Life”, a 102,000 acre section of the Carson National Forest in northern New Mexico. The area first became popular with actors and actresses, wealthy businessmen, and oil company executives as a “sporting playground”. Elk were hunted to extinction in the park. However, Pennzoil Corporation donated the land to the government in 1982 and the elk have since been reintroduced. Many refer to it as the “Yellowstone of New Mexico” in reference to its unique and pristine beauty. This is the location headwaters of both The Rio Grande and the Canadian River. Expert testimony stated that it “is an important… [in] protect[ing] the habitats of over fifty mammal species, more than two hundred bird species, and sixteen reptiles and amphibans”. It is also essential to water quality along the Rio Grande and Canadian River.

The area also holds an estimated 150 billion cubic feet of natural gas worth about 900 million dollars. This is enough natural gas to meet US needs for about two days. Up to 500 wells with associated roads were estimated could have been built. The surrounding 1.5 million acres of Carson Forest had already been opened for gas drilling.

In response, local parties organized The Coalition for the Valle Vidal, made up of over 400 governments, organizations, businesses, and individuals. They sought a drilling ban on the 102,000 acres of Carson National Forest in addition to legal protections to protect the area's future. Diversity among coalition members shocked many. Chris Wood, vice president for conservation at Trout Unlimited commented, "Something is happening here… what we're seeing is the emergence of a powerful new voice in conservation. It's not your garden-variety environmental groups. It's hunters and anglers and outfitters and guides that are helping convince Democrats and Republicans alike of the need to protect these last places."

The coalition brought Gov. Bill Richardson to nominate the area for the highest level of protection under the Clean water Act as well as requesting it be designated a roadless area, which would ban construction of new roads. US Representative Tom Udall sponsored legislation to ban both oil and gas drilling in Valle Vidal. The US House unanimously approved the Valle Vidal Protection Act on July 24, 2006. The Senate passed the Act November 17, 2006, and was signed by President Bush on December 12, 2006.

Public disclosure
In November 2011, the New Mexico Oil and Gas Association announced that it will now require New Mexico oil and natural gas producers to disclose some of the fluids used in hydraulic fracturing operations. The Commission's rule requires companies to report only what they already report on Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). MSDS cover some chemicals specific to workers and are federally required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to protect workers. The restriction to MSDS data means that a large universe of chemicals frequently used in hydraulic fracturing treatments will go unreported, leading some to call New Mexico's fracking disclosure law the worst in the country. Gwen Lachelt with Earthworks' Oil and Gas Accountability Project was disappointed with the commission's decision: "They went through all the motions to put in place a rule that requires nothing more than what's already required on material safety data sheets."

The pit rule
New Mexico's pit rule, established in 2008, requires operators in the San Juan Basin to use a lined pit to dump the wastewater churned up by drilling. If the drilling site is near a water well, the wastewater must be contained in a closed-loop system for reuse, or be trucked offsite. In May 2012, the Oil Conservation Commission began reviewing amendments that would soften the requirements, spurred by energy companies. The industry-supported amendments would roll back the closed-loop containment requirement and make it easier for companies to establish one large waste pit for multiple wells, among other adjustments.

According to state data, almost 400 pits in New Mexico had contributed to groundwater contamination as of 2008. In testimony in 2010, former Oil Conservation Division Director Mark Fesmire said there had been no cases of contamination documented since the pit rule was established, but data to verify the statement was not available before deadline. Supporters of the pit rule say they are already planning an appeal of what will likely be a "pro-industry" ruling.

Tremors and injection wells
In April 2013, researchers at the Seismological Society of America's annual meeting presented findings that an ongoing earthquake swarm in New Mexico and Colorado was due to underground wastewater injection, including Colorado's largest earthquake since 1967. The reported earthquakes are concentrated near wastewater injection wells in the Raton Basin. Companies there have been extracting methane from underground coalbeds. The basin stretches from northeastern New Mexico to southern Colorado.

Reports
The 2012 Earthworks' Oil & Gas Accountability Project report, "New Mexico Oil Conservation Division: Inadequate enforcement guarantees irresponsible oil and gas development," assessed state oil and gas regulatory enforcement and found:
 * More than 60% of active oil & gas wells go uninspected each year.
 * Where violations are found, individual inspectors have complete discretion as to whether and how violations are recorded.
 * Few violators are penalized, and penalties are often low, undermining their efficacy for deterring future violations.
 * The public is prohibited access to data that would reveal how responsibly industry is operated, and how well New Mexico Oil Conservation Division is enforcing the law.

Citizen groups

 * Earthworks
 * Coalition for Otero Mesa
 * Drilling Mora County
 * Drilling Santa Fe

Resources

 * Jay Lillywhite and C. Meghan Starbuck, The Economic Impact of New Mexico's Oil and Gas Industry Energy Advance New Mexico, 2008.

Related SourceWatch articles

 * United States and fracking

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