Lehman Brothers

Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. was one of the financial institutions involved in the U.S. financial crisis and bank bailout.

Lehman provided financial services to corporations, governments, institutions, and wealthy individuals worldwide. It was based in New York City with regional headquarters in London and Tokyo. Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. declared bankruptcy September 15, 2008. The filing marked the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history with $613 billion dollars of debt. Prior to its collapse, Lehman Brothers was the fourth largest and the oldest of the five major global financial-services firms. Their services included investment banking, equity and fixed-income sales, research and trading, investment management, private equity, and private banking. It was a primary dealer in the U.S. Treasury securities market. Its main subsidiaries included Lehman Brothers Inc., Neuberger Berman Inc., Aurora Loan Services, Inc., SIB Mortgage Corporation, Lehman Brothers Bank, FSB, Eagle Energy Partners, and the Crossroads Group. The firm's worldwide headquarters were in New York City, with regional headquarters in London and Tokyo, as well as offices located throughout the world.

Immediately following the bankruptcy filing, an already distressed financial market began a period of extreme volatility, during which the Dow experienced its largest one day point loss, largest intra-day range (more than 1,000 points) and largest daily point gain. What followed was what many have called the “perfect storm” of economic distress factors and eventually a $700 billion bailout package (Troubled Asset Relief Program) prepared by Henry Paulson, Secretary of the Treasury, and approved by Congress.

Role in the financial crisis
During the housing bubble home prices rose a staggering 96 nominal percent price increase over six years (72 percent in real dollars. Prices peaked in May 2006 and started a slow decline. Much of this boom was funded with mortgages, including subprime mortgages, of questionable quality that were financialized, aggregated into complicated financial instruments like collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) and sold as high-rated securities.  The risk of these securities were supposedly balanced by the purchase of Credit Default Swaps (CDS) from companies like AIG.  However, many companies took unbalanced positions in these securities and derivatives, believing that housing prices could not fall.

In addition to engaging in risky derivativee trading including CDSs, Lehman Brothers experienced unprecedented losses in the mortgage crisis. Lehman held on to large positions in subprime and other lower-rated mortgage tranches while securitizing the underlying mortgages leading to huge losses accrued in lower-rated mortgage-backed securities throughout 2008. In the second fiscal quarter, Lehman reported losses of $2.8 billion and was forced to sell off $6 billion in assets. In the first half of 2008 alone, Lehman stock lost 73% of its value as the credit market continued to tighten. In August 2008, Lehman reported that it intended to release 6% of its work force, 1,500 people, just ahead of its third-quarter-reporting deadline in September.

By September 2008, when Lehman Brothers declared bankruptcy, housing prices had already dropped 22 percent from the peak. Prices fell another 12 percent in the six months after Lehman collapsed.

The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, without a rescue from the government, created fear that the government would allow the financial sector to collapse. The stock market fell dramatically the next day.

“First, our financial system has become dangerous on a gigantic scale. We knew that the banks were playing games — e.g., with their so-called off-balance sheet activities — but we previously had no idea that these huge corporations were so badly run or so close to potential collapse. Second, we also learned the hard way — after many revelations — that pervasive mismanagement in our financial system was not a series of random accidents. Rather it was the result of perverse incentives — bank executives felt competitive pressure to behave as they did and they were well-compensated on the basis of short-term performance. No one in the financial sector worries too much, if at all, about risks they create for society as a whole, despite the fact that these now prove to be enormous (i.e., jobs lost, incomes lowered and fiscal subsidies provided). Third, weak government regulation undoubtedly made financial mismanagement possible. But poorly designed regulations and weak enforcement of even the sensible rules were in turn not a “mistake.” Rather they were the outcome of a political process through which regulators — and their superiors in the legislative and executive branches — were captured intellectually by the financial system. People with power really believed that what was good for Wall Street was great for the country. - Simon Johnson, the former chief economist at the International Monetary Fund, describing the three main lessons to be taken from the fall of Lehman Brothers

"'It's unconscionable what they did – or more accurately what they didn't do. They didn't do their homework. People were talking about the failure of Lehman Brothers from the moment of the failure of Bear Stearns in March, or before, and they didn't do a thing. If they knew there was systemic risk, why didn't they do anything about it?'" - Joseph Stiglitz, Nobel prize-winning economist and professor at Columbia University

Bailout refusal
By September 2008, the federal government had used hundreds of billions in taxpayer funds to try to blunt the impact of outsize financial blunders on Wall Street and at Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the American International Group (AIG). Lehman had pleaded with regulators for months to rescue it by purchasing hundreds of billions of dollars in distressed assets, but regulators refused.

President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Tim Geithner suggested the Federal Reserve did not step in because it did not have the legal authority to do so, because it was important to maintain “the line between the responsibilities and authorities of the fiscal authority, and those of the monetary authority.”

Just before the collapse of Lehman Brothers, executives at Neuberger Berman sent e-mail memos suggesting, among other things, that the Lehman Brothers' top people forgo multi-million dollar bonuses to "send a strong message to both employees and investors that management is not shirking accountability for recent performance."

Lehman Brothers Investment Management Director, George H. Walker, President Bush’s cousin was responsible for overseeing Neuberger Berman. Here’s what he wrote to the executive committee: “Sorry team. I’m not sure what’s in the water at 605 Third Avenue today. .. I’m embarrassed and I apologize.”

As Mr. Fuld was pleading with Secretary Paulson for a federal rescue, a request submitted to the compensation committee of the board on September 11, four days before Lehman filed for bankruptcy. It recommends that the board give three departing executives over $20 million in “special payments.”

High leverage
In 1975, the SEC’s trading and markets division ruled that investment banks must maintain a debt-to-net capital ratio of less than 12 to 1. In 2004, following extensive lobbying by the investment banks, the SEC under chairman Christopher Cox authorized five investment banks to develop their own net capital requirements. This enabled investment banks to push borrowing ratios to as high as 40 to 1. These five investment banks were Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, Lehman Brothers, Bear Stearns, and Merrill Lynch. This very high debt-to-reserves helped lead to the financial crisis of 2008 by weakening the ability of these institutions to recover from losses incurred when the risky CDO and CDS bets failed.

Lee A. Pickard, who had been Director of the SEC’s Division of Market Regulation when the 1975 12-1 rule was ordered, said of the change, "The SEC modification in 2004 is the primary reason for all of the losses that have occurred."

Lehman Brothers was leveraged at 44-1 in 2007 when housing prices started to collapse.

Statement by Chairman Henry Waxman, Oversight and Government Reform Committee Chairman, October 6, 2008: "In 2004, the Securities and Exchange Commission relaxed a rule limiting the amount of leverage that Lehman and other investment banks could use. As this Lehman chart shows, that proved to be a temptation the firm could not resist.

At first, Lehman’s bets paid out. As Mr. Fuld’s testimony recounts, Lehman achieved “four consecutive years of record-breaking financial results” between 2004 and 2007.

These were lucrative years for Lehman’s executives and Mr. Fuld. Lehman paid out over $16 billion in bonuses. Mr. Fuld himself received over $30 million in cash bonuses. His total compensation during these four years exceeded $260 million.

But while Mr. Fuld and other Lehman executives were getting rich, they were steering Lehman Brothers and our economy towards a precipice.

Leverage is a dangerous double-edged sword. When it works — as it did from 2004 to 2007 — it magnifies investment gains. But when asset values decline — as the subprime market did — leverage rapidly consumes a company’s capital and jeopardizes its survival.

Mr. Fuld’s actions during this crisis were questionable. In a January 2008 presentation, he and the Lehman board were warned that the company’s “liquidity can disappear quite fast.” Yet despite this warning, Mr. Fuld depleted Lehman’s capital reserves by over $10 billion through year-end bonuses, stock buybacks, and dividend payments.

. . . Risk-taking has an important role in our economy. But federal regulators are supposed to ensure that these risks don’t become so large they can imperil our entire economy. They failed miserably. The regulators had a blind faith in the market and a belief that what was good for Mr. Fuld and other executives on Wall Street was good for America. We are now all paying a terrible price."

Lehman bankruptcy
On Saturday September 13, 2008, Timothy F. Geithner, called a meeting on the future of Lehman, which included the possibility of an emergency liquidation of its assets. Lehman reported that it had been in talks with Bank of America and Barclays for the company's possible sale. However, both Barclays and Bank of America ultimately declined to purchase the entire company.

At its New York headquarters, shortly before 1 a.m. Lehman Brothers Holdings announced it would file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection citing bank debt of $613 billion, $155 billion in bond debt, and assets worth $639 billion. It further announced that its subsidiaries would continue to operate as normal. A group of Wall Street firms agreed to provide capital and financial assistance for the bank's orderly liquidation and the Federal Reserve, in turn, agreed to a swap of lower-quality assets in exchange for loans and other assistance from the government.

The morning of Monday, September 15 witnessed scenes of Lehman employees removing files, items with the company logo, and other belongings from the world headquarters at 745 Seventh Avenue. The spectacle continued throughout the day and into the following day.



Coal investments
Lehman Brothers is a major financier of new coal plant construction. New coal-fired power plants being funded by the company include:


 * Stanton Energy Center (FL)
 * Ely Energy Center, Phase I (NV)
 * Ely Energy Center, Phase II (NV)
 * Great Bend IGCC (OH)
 * Red Rock Generating Facility (OK)
 * Marion City Project (SC)
 * Spruce Unit 2 (TX)
 * Big Brown 3 (TX)
 * Lake Creek 3 (TX)
 * Martin Lake 4 (TX)
 * Monticello 4 (TX)
 * Valley 4 (TX)
 * Wise County Plant (VA)
 * Mountaineer (WV)

Campaign contributions
Decade-long campaign contribution total (1998-2008): $6,704,574

2008 Campaign contribution Total (Top 19 Recipients): $2,211,761

2008 Top Recipients: 1. Barack Obama (D) $288,538 2. Hillary Clinton (D) $227,150 3. Rudy Giuliani (R) $140,000 4. John McCain (R) $116,907 5. Mitt Romney (R) $96,200

Stephen M. Lessing, former Managing Director and now Head of Client Relationship Management at Lehman Brothers, is a Bush Ranger having raised at least $200,000 for Bush in the 2004 presidential election.

Lehman Brothers gave $130,680 to federal candidates in the 2006 election through its political action committee - 38% to Democrats, 57% to Republicans, and 5% to other parties.

Lobbying
Decade-long lobbying expenditure total (1998-2008): $8,660,000

2008 Top Lobbying Expenditure Recipients: 1. Lehman Brothers $590,000 2. O'Neill, Athy & Casey $60,000 3. DLA Piper $70,000 Total: $720,000

The company spent $920,000 for lobbying in 2006. In-house lobbyists were used along with the lobbying firms  American Continental Group, O'Neill, Athy & Casey, and DLA Piper.

Lobbying on financial reform
During hearings on the bankruptcy filing by Lehman Brothers and bailout of AIG before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, former Lehman Brothers CEO Richard Fuld said a host of factors including a crisis of confidence and naked short selling attacks followed by false rumors contributed to both the collapse of Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers. House committee Chairman Henry Waxman said the committee received thousands of pages of internal documents from Lehman and these documents portray a company in which there was “no accountability for failure". Documents obtained by the Oversight and Government Reform Committee undermine Mr. Fuld’s contention that Lehman was overwhelmed by forces outside its control. One internal Lehman analysis reveals that Lehman “saw warning signs” but “did not move early/fast enough” and lacked “discipline about capital allocation.”

Revolving door influence

 * Chad Fulgham, CIO at the FBI under President Obama, former Senior Vice President at Lehman Brothers

Background information
On September 22, 2008, Nomura Holdings announced that it had agreed to acquire Lehman Brothers' franchise in the Asia Pacific region, including Japan, Hong Kong and Australia. The following day, Nomura announced its intention to acquire Lehman Brothers' investment banking and equities businesses in Europe and the Middle East. The deal became effective on Monday, 13 October. In 2007, non-U.S. subsidiaries of Lehman Brothers were responsible for over 50% of global revenue produced. In October 2008 Japanese financial services company Nomura Holdings stepped in and acquired three Mumbai, India based divisions of Lehman Brothers that provided back office and IT operations. Nomura also acquired the Asia Pacific division of Lehman Brothers as the US banking giant was carved up by rivals. Lehman Brothers' Investment Management business, including Neuberger Berman, was sold to its management on December 3, 2008. Creditors of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. retain a 49% common equity interest in the firm, now known as Neuberger Investment Management.

Related SourceWatch articles

 * banking
 * Richard Holbrooke is a former Managing Director of Lehman Brothers
 * Ali Wambold

External resources

 * Sold Out - How Wall Street and Washington Betrayed America, Consumer Education Foundation, March, 2009.

Books
Auletta, Ken. Greed and Glory on Wall Street: The Fall of the House of Lehman. Random House, 1985

Bernhard, William, L., Birge, June Rossbach Bingham, Loeb, John L., Jr.. Lots of Lehmans - The Family of Mayer Lehman of Lehman Brothers, Remembered by His Descendants. Center For Jewish History, 2007

Birmingham, Stephen. Our Crowd - The Great Jewish Families of New York. Harper and Row, 1967.

Geisst, Charles R. The Last Partnerships. McGraw-Hill, 1997

Shirkhedkar, Jayant. Saving Lehman, One person at a time. McGraw-Hill, 2007

Lehman Brothers. A Centennial - Lehman Brothers 1850 - 1950. Spiral Press, 1950

Schack, Justin. (May 2005). "Restoring the House of Lehman". Institutional Investor, p. 24-32.

Wechsberg, Joseph. The Merchant Bankers. Pocket Books, 1968

External articles

 * C. Bryson Hull and Andrew Quinn, "Enron Suit Targets Wall St. Firms", Reuters/CorpWatch, April 8, 2002.


 * Eric Dash, "C.E.O. Pay Keeps Rising", The New York Times/CorpWatch, April 9, 2006.


 * Lehman Collapse: 12 Months on and the Financial System Isn't Fixed, Warns Stiglitz, The Telegraph/UK, Sept. 14, 2009


 * Niall Ferguson, Why a Lehman deal would not have saved us, Financial Times, September 14, 2009